{"id":12740,"date":"2022-03-15t12:29:04","date_gmt":"2022-03-15t17:29:04","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/www.ad2buzz.com\/?p=12740"},"modified":"2022-11-11t07:01:56","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11t13:01:56","slug":"is-the-subjunctive-mood-right-for-fiction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.ad2buzz.com\/2022\/03\/15\/is-the-subjunctive-mood-right-for-fiction\/","title":{"rendered":"is the subjunctive mood right for fiction?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"two<\/p>\n

although some believe that the subjunctive mood in english is dying, many of us use it all the time, whether we know it or not. and that means the subjunctive is right for fiction, even in the mouth of a character who wouldn\u2019t know a subjunctive from a subplot.<\/p>\n

the chicago way<\/span><\/h2>\n

cmos <\/em>5.123<\/a> and 5.124<\/a> explain that the subjunctive mood \u201cexpresses an action or state as doubtful, imagined, desired, conditional, hypothetical, or otherwise contrary to fact.\u201d it\u2019s useful for stating wishes, conjectures, demands, and suggestions. this is in contrast to the indicative mood, which we use to state facts and opinions.<\/p>\n

if i were<\/strong> you .\u00a0.\u00a0. [contrary to fact]\n

if i were<\/strong> a rich man .\u00a0.\u00a0. [wish]\n

oh, were it<\/strong> so. [conjecture]\n

the landlord insists that the dog go<\/strong>. [demand]\n

i recommend that she take<\/strong> a vacation. [suggestion]\n

although the word \u201csubjunctive\u201d might sound pompous and intimidating, people (real and fictional) often use it intuitively both in speech and in writing, and it sounds perfectly natural.<\/p>\n

for example, in the novel run, rose, run<\/em> by dolly parton and james patterson (little, brown, 2022), the character annielee has a down-home type of diction (\u201cain\u2019t,\u201d \u201ckinda,\u201d etc.), yet the subjunctives in her speech and in the close narration manage to follow chicago style without damaging the character\u2019s credibility:<\/p>\n

\u201cshe would\u2019ve laughed if she weren\u2019t<\/strong> so outraged.\u201d (chap. 2, kindle ed.) [subjunctive; annielee is<\/em> outraged, so the clause is contrary to fact]\n

\u201cif he was<\/strong> bad, she didn\u2019t want to hear him.\u201d (chap. 8, kindle ed.) [indicative; annielee doesn\u2019t know if the man about to perform is any good]\n

even so, the subjunctive might not be perfect for every context. a writer\u2019s choice of the indicative or subjunctive mood can affect the tone and authenticity of narration or dialogue. creative writers and their editors will benefit from understanding the formal use of the subjunctive (that is, the usage traditionally considered correct in english grammar guides) in order to make the right choice.<\/p>\n

creative license<\/span><\/h2>\n

cmos<\/em> 5.124<\/a> spells out three errors that speakers and writers frequently make when using or not using the subjunctive. because these departures from formal usage are common, they might be perfect for certain characters or narrators to make. take note of them for when informal usage is right for your work.<\/p>\n

error 1.<\/strong> using the indicative when the subjunctive is technically correct. this \u201cerror\u201d is so widely found in speech and writing that it would be at home in many creative contexts:<\/p>\n

if it\u00a0wasn\u2019t<\/strong>\u00a0for your help, i never would have found the place. [indicative in place of subjunctive]\n

if it\u00a0weren\u2019t<\/strong> for your help, i never would have found the place. [formal subjunctive]\n

tip<\/div>
when you want very informal diction, push harder against the rule:<\/p>\n

if you\u00a0weren\u2019t<\/strong>\u00a0my brother, i\u2019d turn you in. [conventional subjunctive]\n

if you wasn\u2019t<\/strong> my brother, i\u2019d turn you in. [creative grammar]<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

error 2.<\/strong> using the subjunctive when a statement beginning with \u201cif\u201d or \u201cwhether\u201d isn\u2019t actually contrary to fact.<\/p>\n

i called to see\u00a0whether she were<\/strong> in. [unwarranted use of subjunctive]\n

i called to see\u00a0whether she was<\/strong> in. [formal use of indicative; she might have been in, so the statement could be true]\n

the two examples above may present a conundrum for many writers. the first one (\u201cwhether she were in\u201d) might sound proper, but it isn\u2019t. it\u2019s akin to the use of \u201cwhom\u201d when \u201cwho\u201d is correct, an overeager reach for formality. writers must know their characters intimately to take advantage of this level of grammar awareness. would the character know formal grammar and employ it, or would they merely aspire to it, hit-and-miss?<\/p>\n

reader expectations might also complicate a writer\u2019s decision. will this grammar sound right or wrong to most readers? at times like that, writers must trust their ear and remember that no choice will please every reader.<\/p>\n

error 3.<\/strong> using two conditional clauses in place of a subjunctive plus a conditional. this construction is more common in speech than in writing, and less likely to be appropriate in narrative than in dialogue unless the narrative is highly voiced, as in run, rose, run<\/em>.<\/p>\n

if i would have gone<\/strong>, i would have won<\/strong>. [two conditional clauses in place of a subjunctive followed by a conditional]\n

if i had gone<\/strong>, i would have won<\/strong>. [formal use of a subjunctive contrary to fact followed by a conditional]\n

tip<\/div>
using \u201cof\u201d in place of \u201chave\u201d to make a character sound folksy or ignorant can backfire and make the writer\u2014or more likely, the copyeditor\u2014look bad:<\/p>\n

if i would of<\/strong> gone, i would of<\/strong> won.<\/p>\n

when spoken quickly, the words \u201cof\u201d and \u201chave\u201d sound very similar (hence the error), so you might as well choose \u201chave.\u201d contractions are another option; they sometimes work better for effect.<\/p>\n

if i\u2019d have gone<\/strong>, i woulda won<\/strong>. [contraction of \u201ci would\u201d and \u201cwould have\u201d]\n

if i\u2019d\u2019ve gone<\/strong>, i\u2019da won<\/strong>. [two different contractions of \u201ci would have\u201d]<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

how to decide<\/span><\/h2>\n

the challenge in using the subjunctive is to judge when it\u2019s appropriate. for instance, the presence of \u201cif\u201d doesn\u2019t automatically dictate a subjunctive. a good rule of thumb is that if the speaker or narrator doesn\u2019t know the facts, use the indicative, whether the action takes place in the present or in the past:<\/p>\n

if i\u2019m<\/strong> right about this, please call. [indicative; i don\u2019t know whether i\u2019m right]\n

if i were<\/strong> on the bus right now, i\u2019d be on time. [subjunctive contrary to fact; i know i\u2019m not on the bus]\n

if it arrived<\/strong>, it was not properly filed. [indicative; the writer doesn\u2019t know whether it arrived]\n

if it had arrived<\/strong>, it could have changed the course of history. [subjunctive contrary to fact; it didn\u2019t arrive]\n

if napoleon was<\/strong>\u00a0in fact poisoned with arsenic, historians will need to reevaluate his associates. [indicative; the writer doesn\u2019t know whether napoleon was poisoned with arsenic]\n

if napoleon were<\/strong> here in chicago, there\u2019d be a musical about it, for sure. [subjunctive contrary to fact; napoleon is not in chicago]\n

takeaway<\/span><\/h2>\n

recognizing shades of \u201cproperness\u201d in grammar gives a writer an advantage in crafting dialogue and narration that\u2019s nuanced and credible. for more advice and examples of the subjunctive in various tenses, see cmos<\/em> 5.123\u201327<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

squirrel art<\/a> by kellyplz<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0adobe stock<\/a>.<\/p>\n

fiction+ posts at shop talk<\/em> reflect the opinions of its authors and not necessarily those of the chicago manual of style<\/em> or the university of chicago press.<\/span><\/p>\n

~ ~ ~<\/span><\/p>\n

\"carol\"carol<\/a>carol saller<\/strong>\u2019s books include the subversive copy editor<\/a><\/em> and the young adult novel eddie\u2019s war<\/em><\/a>. you can find carol online at twitter (@subvcopyed<\/a>) and at writer, editor, helper<\/em><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

sign up for carol\u2019s email updates<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

although some believe that the subjunctive mood in english is dying, many of us use it all the time, whether we know it or not. and that means the subjunctive is right for fiction, even in the mouth of a character who wouldn\u2019t know a subjunctive from a subplot.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12758,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[190],"tags":[27,188,44,94,97],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nis the subjunctive mood right for fiction? 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